techno mirth

DESKTOP

A. PARTS OF DESKTOP

1. Icons
2. Wallpaper
3. Taskbar
4. Mouse pointer

B. PARTS OF TASKBAR

1. Start button
2. Quick launch tool bar
3. Notification area

Q.1) WHAT IS DESKTOP ?

Ans) A desktop is the visual interface of a computer’s operating system, where users access and manage applications , files and settings through icons, windows and other graphical elements.

Q .2) What is mouse pointer ?

Ans) A mouse pointer is a small graphical symbol or icon on a computer screen that moves in correspondence with the movement of a connected mouse or other pointing device. Its used to interact with an select items, navigate interfaces, and perform various actions on a computer.

Q.3) What is icons ?

Ans) Icons are small graphical symbol which represent program ,file ., folder, image , applications ,etc. To open any or folder you need to double click the mouse on its icon.

Q.4) Types of icons ?

Ans) Some common desktop icons include:

1. Folder icon : Represents a directory or container for storing files.(Ex. My computer, My document , etc.)
2. Files icon : Represents different types of files such as documents, images ,or spreadsheet.(Ex. my file , image.jpg , excel sheet , etc.)
3. Shortcut icon: Indicates a link to a program or file, usually distinguished by a small arrow. (Ex. Any file or application which represent by the forward arrow )
4. Recycle Bin icon: Represents the location where deleted files are stored temporarily before permanent deletion.

Q.5) What is Taskbar ?

Ans) Taskbar is the coloured strip along the bottom of the desktop. The taskbar containing toolbar and button. The quick launch tool bar and notification area at same time.

Q.6 ) What is keyboard ?

Ans) Keyboard is the most common input device. A keyboard is an input device used with computers and other electronic devices to input text, numbers and various commands. It consists of keys laid out in a specific configuration, allowing users to type characters, enter commands and interact with software by pressing the keys. Keyboards comes in various designs, including standard, mechanical , and virtual keyboards used in touch screens.

Virtual Keyboard 

Basic layout of Keyboard

Keyboard Layout :

i. Standard type writer keys : (ASDF…, 123….)

ii. Numeric Keys : (123../arrow , editing)

iii. Function keys : (F1 to F12)

iv. Editing keys : (Home , End , Page Up , Page Down, Insert, etc.)

v. Special Keys : (Pause , Scroll , Pointer)

vi. Commands Keys : (Alt, Ctrl , Esc , Shift, Tab, Caps, etc )

vii. Arrow keys : (Direction)

Some Basic Keys of Keyboard
Sr No	Name	Particular
1	TAB	Used to move cursor 5 spaces forward.
2	Caps:Lock	Converts all characters to CAPITAL letters (Upper Case).
3	Shift	Used to input upper case characters.
4	Escape key	Exits from a program using a combination of other keys.
5	Alt/Ctrl keys	Give commands to the computer using a combination of other keys.
6	F1 to F12 keys	Used to provide/use several functions provided by a program. For example, F1 key is used to get help.
7	Insert	Inserts a character in a word line.
8	Delete key	Erases a character in a word line from the right side.
9	Home key	Brings the cursor to the beginning of the line.
10	Page Up key	Turns to the previous page.
11	Page Down key	Turns to the next page.
12	End	Brings the cursor to the end of the line.

Some Basic Symbols Name of Keyboard
Sr No	Symbol	Symbols Name
1	~	Tilde
2	!	Exclamation mark
3	@	At Sign
4	#	Hash / Pound
5	$	Dollar Sign
6	%	Percent Sign
7	^	Caret
8	&	Ampersand
9	*	Asterisk (Multiply Sign)
10	(	Left parenthesis
11	)	Right parenthesis
12	-	Hyphen/Dash
13	_	Underscore
14	=	Equal Sign
15	+	Plus Sign
16	[	Right square bracket
17	]	Left square bracket
18	{	Left Curly Brace
19	}	Right Curly Brace
20	\	Back slash
21	|	Pipe
22	;	Semi colon
23	:	Colon
24	’	Apostrophe
25	“	Quotation mark
26	,	Comma
27	.	Period
28	/	Forward slash
29	?	Question mark

Q .7 ) What is Computer ?

Ans ) Computer is an electronic device or machine which takes data as input and process on it and gives desired information as output.

or

Computer is an electronic data processing device.

Importance of Computer:

• Companies and government office for data storage and processing.
• Electricity and Telephone bill generation.
• Railway , Bus, and Air ticket reservation.
• Education and Entertainment
• Medical sector
• Science and Space research

FULL FORM OF COMPUTER
Letter	Expansion
C	Commonly
O	Operating
M	Machine
P	Particularly/Purpose
U	Used for
T	Technical and
E	Educational
R	Research

 

Q.8) What is Data ?

Ans) Data is a row material for computer.

Examples:

Students data like

i. His/Her name

ii. Roll no

iii. Date of birth

iv. Father name

v. Class

vi. Subjects

vii. Marks

“Mainly data is of three types” :

i. Alphabetic data : A B C D…. , a b c d…..

ii. Numeric data : 1 2 3 …..

iii. Alphanumeric data : ABCD123..,abcd123..

Q.9) What is Information ?

Ans) Managed data is called information.

Ex, Student mark sheet.

Q.10) What are computer files ?

Ans) Computer stores all data and information is an identically called “files”. Files are indentified by their unique names. (Ex, My files, technomirth.html, etc.)

Files name consists of two parts:

1. Primary name

2. Secondary name (extension name)

Primary name is always separated from the extension name of the file.

Ex, <Primary name >.<extension name>

Myfile.docx (this is the name of ms word document file.)

Rules For files name:

Primary name can be maximum upto 255 characters.

Blank can be used in file name.

Characters like +,;,’[‘],= and _ can be used in file name.

Computer doesn’t allow the use of \,/,*,?,<,>,!

Q.11) What is folder?

Ans) Folder is a special type of files which is capable of storing other files and folders in it , it is commonly used for storing all the related files of a subject at the same place on the disk.

Q.12) Classification of Computer :

Ans) A computer can be classified according to the following method.

1. Computational method

2. Digital Computer

3. Analog Computer

4. Hybrid Computer

Size and working capability:

A) Micro computer

I) Desktop

II) Laptop

III) Palmtop

IV) Thumb top

B) Mini Computer

C) Main frame Computer

D) Super Computer

Classification based on method:

a) Digital Computer:

A digital computer can calculate and accept numbers and letters through various input devices . The input devices convert the data into electronic pulse and perform arithmetical operations on numbers.Digital computer are also capable of:

i. Storing data and processing .

ii. Performing logical operations.

Editing and deleting the input data is one of the main advantage of the digital computer is that any desired level of accuracy can be achieved.

The main disadvantage is there cost and complexity in programming.

b) Analog Computer :

An analog computer is a type of computer that uses continuously changeable quantities to represent data and perform operation. Unlike digital computers that manipulate discrete values, analog computers work with physical quantities like voltage, current , or mechanical motion to solve mathematical problems. There were extensively used in the past for specific application like simulations, control systems, and scientific computations. However, with the advancement in digital technology, analog computers have largely been replaced by digital computers due to their precision , flexibility ,and ease of programming.

Analog computers are low cost and easy in programming. The main disadvantage of analog computer is storage capacity . Hence , it is not suitable for process business data.(Ex, E.C.G machine)

Analog Computer 

c) Hybrid Computer :

A hybrid computer combines the features of analog and digital computers to leverage the strengths to both types. It uses analog technology to process continuous data and digital technology for discrete data processing and complex calculations. An example of a hybrid computer is a digital-analog hybrid used in scientific and industrial applications. For instance, in weather forecasting , a hybrid computer might use analog components to simulate weather conditions (analogous to the continuous changes in weather ) and digital components to process and analyze discrete data, like historical weather patterns or satellite imagery, to make predictions. These systems are designed to handle both continuous and discrete data efficiently , leveraging the speed of analog processing for certain tasks while using digital precision for complex calculations and data manipulation.

Classification of Computer based on their size and working capability :

Computers can classified on size and working capability into four main categories:

1. Microcomputers (Personal Computers) : These are the most common type of computers. Ranging from desktop to laptop, tablets, and smart phones. They’re versatile, affordable, and widely used for personal, business, and educational purpose.
2. Minicomputers : Smaller than mainframe but larger than minicomputers, minicomputer were more common in the past. They were used for tasks such as process control, small – scale computing needs of business, and scientific applications. ( Ex, NOVA, DEC, PDP 11 and IBM series.)
3. Mainframe Computers: Typically large and powerful, mainframes are used by organizations for critical applications requiring high-performance computing. They handle multiple users and massive amounts of input/output operations.(Ex, IBM z15). 2566 peoples can working at same time.
4. Super Computers : These are extremely powerful machines designed to handle complex calculations and process vast amounts of data at incredible speeds. They’re used for tasks like weather forecasting, scientific simulations, and advanced research. The first super computer developed in India was the PARAM 8000, which unveiled in 1991. The Center for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC) in Pune developed and built the PARAM 8000. PARAM stand for “PARAllel machine”. And the first super computer in the world was the CDC 6600, built in 1964 by /Seymour Cray. Cray is also known as the father of super computer.

ORGANISATION OF COMPUTER SYSTEM:

1) INPUT : It is the process of entering the data and programs into the computer systems and devices.

2) Control Unit (CU): The Control Unit oversees the input, output, processing, and storage operations within a computer. It manages the initiation and termination of data reception, determines storage locations, and orchestrates step-by-step processing of all operations.

3) Memory Unit: Computers utilize the Memory Unit to store both data and instructions.

4) Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): The ALU, a vital component, handles major operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, logic, and comparisons.Output: This phase involves generating meaningful information from the processed data.

The ALU and the CU collectively constitute the Central Processing Unit (CPU), often referred to as the computer's brain, responsible for coordinating and executing various tasks within the system.

THE HISTORY OF COMPUTER:

The history of computers can be broadly divided into several key stages:

1. Pre-20th Century Calculating Devices:

Early devices like the abacus and various mechanical calculators were used for basic arithmetic.

2. 19th Century Analytical Engine Concept (1837-1842):

Charles Babbage designed the Analytical Engine, an early mechanical computer, but it was never built. Ada Lovelace is often credited with creating the first computer program for this machine.

3. Mechanical Calculators (Late 19th to Early 20th Century):

Mechanical calculators, such as those by companies like Burroughs and Monroe, were used for computation before the advent of electronic computers.

4. Electromechanical Computers (1930s-1940s):

Machines like the Harvard Mark I and the Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC) were early electromechanical computers.

5. ENIAC and Electronic Computers (1940s):

The Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC), completed in 1945, was one of the earliest general-purpose electronic computers.

6. Stored Program Concept (1940s-1950s):

The development of the stored program concept, where instructions and data could be stored in the computer's memory, led to the creation of computers like the EDVAC and UNIVAC.

7. Transistors and Miniaturization (1950s-1960s):

The invention of transistors allowed for smaller, more reliable computers. This era saw the development of mainframe computers.

8. Microprocessors and Personal Computers (1970s-1980s):

The invention of the microprocessor by Intel in 1971 led to the development of personal computers. Companies like IBM and Apple played significant roles in popularizing personal computing.

9. Graphical User Interfaces and Networking (1980s-1990s):

The introduction of graphical user interfaces (GUIs) and the rise of networking technologies, like the internet, transformed computing.

10. Mobile Computing and the Internet Age (2000s-Present):

The 21st century has seen a proliferation of mobile devices, cloud computing, and the widespread use of the internet, shaping the modern computing landscape.

The history of computers is a continuous evolution, marked by advancements in technology, hardware, and software that have shaped the way we live and work today.

Q.13) What are the GENERATION OF COMPUTER:

Ans) There are many variation in generation of computer and the generation of computer are as follows:

First Generation (1940s-1950s): The earliest computers used vacuum tubes for processing. They were large, unreliable, and generated a lot of heat.

Example;

• ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer)
• NIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer)
• EDSAC (Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Computer)
• EDVAC ( Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer)

Second Generation (1950s-1960s): Transistors replaced vacuum tubes, making computers smaller, more reliable, and energy-efficient. Magnetic core memory was introduced.

Example;

• Honey 400
• IBM 1030 
• ODC6600
• IBM 1401
• UNIVAC 1107

Third Generation (1960s-1970s): Integrated circuits (ICs) allowed more components to fit on a single chip, making computers even smaller and faster. Mainframes and minicomputers became common.

Example;

• IBM System/360
• DEC PDP-11

Fourth Generation (1970s-1980s): Microprocessors, combining multiple functions on a single chip, revolutionized computing. Personal computers (PCs) emerged, and software development flourished.

Example;

• IBM Personal Computer (IBM PC)
• Apple II

Fifth Generation (1980s-present): Advances in microprocessor technology, artificial intelligence, and parallel processing characterize this era. The focus is on creating more powerful and intelligent computers.

Example;

• IBM Watson (representing advancements in AI)
• Modern PCs, laptops, and servers with advanced microprocessors

Q.14) What are the characteristics of computer ?

1. Speed 
2. Storage Capacity
3. Accuracy
4. Efficiency
5. Versatility
6. Lack of IQ
7. No feelings